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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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Gaps in NIS standardisation - Recommendations for improving NIS in EU standardisation policy

This report recommends that the European Commission, with the support of the Member States, pursuant to the NIS Directive, adopt a standards based framework for the exchange of threat and defensive measure information that impacts the functioning of…
National / EU authorities

Challenges of security certification in emerging ICT environments

This report aims to provide decision makers with a thorough description of the security certification status concerning the most impactful equipment in five different critical business sectors. Results of this study should help to improve and…
National / EU authorities

A good practice guide of using taxonomies in incident prevention and detection

The aim of this document is to provide good practices on using taxonomies for incident detection and prevention by taking into account the input received from the CSIRT community and relevant information from previous ENISA studies. In addition, it…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Towards a Digital Single Market for NIS Products and Services

The objective of this report is to assess the current NIS market in the EU from an economic and technical standpoint, in view of the DSM and its future demands for protection. It primarily focuses on the European market’s characteristics,…

National / EU authorities

Strategies for incident response and cyber crisis cooperation

This document was prepared for the NIS Platform WG2 members introducing the main functions of CSIRTs from incident handling to crisis coordination – a high-level summary of the basics of incident response based on ENISA’s previous work on CSIRTs and…
National / EU authorities

Common practices of EU-level crisis management and applicability to the cyber crises

Despite a number of initiatives within the European Network and Information Security community to establish frameworks and standard operating procedures, the EU-level response to cyber incidents, and in particular these which lead to crisis…
National / EU authorities

NIS Directive and national CSIRTs

This is an informative note on what provisions of the upcoming NIS Directive might mean for CSIRTs. It contains references to parts of the Directive, and some comments and proposals from our side. By no means we consider this document fix or final,…
National / EU authorities