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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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Port Cybersecurity - Good practices for cybersecurity in the maritime sector

Developed in collaboration with several EU ports, this report intends to provide a useful foundation on which CIOs and CISOs of entities involved in the port ecosystem, especially port authorities and terminal operators, can build their…
Private Sector

ENISA good practices for security of Smart Cars

This report defines good practices for security of smart cars, namely connected and (semi-) autonomous vehicles, providing added-value features in order to enhance car users’ experience and improve car safety. Taking stock of all existing…
Private Sector

AI an opportunity for the EU cyber crisis blueprint - Report

On the 3rd and 4th of June 2019, ENISA organized in Athens, Greece, a conference on Artificial Intelligence in the EU cyber crisis blueprint context under the title ‘ Artificial Intelligence-An opportunity for the EU cyber-crisis management’.…

National / EU authorities

Secure Group Communications for incident response and operational communities

With a number of cybersecurity incidents and an attack surface that increase every day, spanning from large infrastructures to the end users, there is the need to improve operational cooperation, preparedness and information exchange by promoting…
National / EU authorities

7 Steps to shore up the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

In this paper ENISA highlights the security vulnerabilities of BGP and explains why it is so important to address them. Working closely with experts from industry ENISA derived a shortlist of 7 basic BGP security measures which are industry good…
Private Sector

ENISA CSIRT maturity assessment model

This is the updated version of the "Challenges for National CSIRTs in Europe in 2016: Study on CSIRT Maturity" published by ENISA in 2017. The study takes all relevant information sources into account, with a special emphasis on the NIS Directive,…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Cybersecurity Culture Guidelines: 'Technical Annex: Evidence Reviews'

This technical annex contains the four reviews that supported the writing of the report Review of “Behavioural Sciences Research in the Field of Cybersecurity”. The reviews are: 1. Measurement of cyber security attitudes and behaviours, 2.…
Private Sector

ENISA Maturity Evaluation Methodology for CSIRTs

This is the updated version of the "Study on CSIRT Maturity – Evaluation Process" published by ENISA in 2017. The new version (v.2) reflects values that are consistent with other documents and studies on CSIRT maturity.
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Study on CSIRT landscape and IR capabilities in Europe 2025

The objective of this study is to help ENISA identify and draw conclusions about the recent and current evolution of CSIRTs and IR capabilities in Europe towards 2025. Building on the existing knowledge gathered in the European CSIRT inventory, this…
National / EU authorities

ICT security certification opportunities in the healthcare sector

The scope of this report covers functional requirements for a potential ICT security certification scheme for a widely understood healthcare sector.
Private Sector