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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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Privacy and Security in Personal Data Clouds

The main objective of this study is to identify the different architectures and components of Personal Data Clouds (PDCs) and discuss their privacy and security challenges. Based on an empirical analysis of various applications that fall under, or…
Private Sector

A good practice guide of using taxonomies in incident prevention and detection

The aim of this document is to provide good practices on using taxonomies for incident detection and prevention by taking into account the input received from the CSIRT community and relevant information from previous ENISA studies. In addition, it…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Guidelines for SMEs on the security of personal data processing

ENISA undertook a study to support SME’s on how to adopt security measures for the protection of personal data, following a risk-based approach. In particular, the objectives of the study were to facilitate SMEs in understanding the context of the…
Private Sector

PETs controls matrix - A systematic approach for assessing online and mobile privacy tools

Following previous work in the field of privacy engineering, in 2016 ENISA defined the ‘PETs control matrix’, an assessment framework and tool for the systematic presentation and evaluation of online and mobile privacy tools for end users. The…

Private Sector

Security of Mobile Payments and Digital Wallets

The primary objective of this paper is the production of guidelines to assist mobile payment developers and mobile payment providers towards recommended security controls which if implemented would help ensure that consumers, retailers and financial…
Private Sector

Strategies for incident response and cyber crisis cooperation

This document was prepared for the NIS Platform WG2 members introducing the main functions of CSIRTs from incident handling to crisis coordination – a high-level summary of the basics of incident response based on ENISA’s previous work on CSIRTs and…
National / EU authorities

Qualified Website Authentication Certificates

This report proposes six strategies and twelve recommended actions as an escalated approach that targets the most important aspects detected to be critical for (i) improving the website authentication market in Europe and (ii) successfully…
Private Sector

Common practices of EU-level crisis management and applicability to the cyber crises

Despite a number of initiatives within the European Network and Information Security community to establish frameworks and standard operating procedures, the EU-level response to cyber incidents, and in particular these which lead to crisis…
National / EU authorities

NIS Directive and national CSIRTs

This is an informative note on what provisions of the upcoming NIS Directive might mean for CSIRTs. It contains references to parts of the Directive, and some comments and proposals from our side. By no means we consider this document fix or final,…
National / EU authorities