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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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Advancing Software Security in the EU

This study discusses some key elements of software security and provides a concise overview of the most relevant existing approaches and standards while identifying shortcomings associated with the secure software development landscape, related to…
Private Sector

Procurement Guidelines for Cybersecurity in Hospitals

As cybersecurity becomes more of a priority for hospitals, it is essential that it is integrated holistically in the different processes, components and stages influencing the healthcare ICT ecosystem. Procurement is a key process shaping the ICT…

Private Sector

Overview of standards related to eIDAS

The scope of this document is to assess the suitability of the recently published ENs to fulfil the eIDAS Regulation requirements, and to describe the differences with the previous TSs, in view of a possible update of the list of standards…
Private Sector

Port Cybersecurity - Good practices for cybersecurity in the maritime sector

Developed in collaboration with several EU ports, this report intends to provide a useful foundation on which CIOs and CISOs of entities involved in the port ecosystem, especially port authorities and terminal operators, can build their…
Private Sector

ENISA good practices for security of Smart Cars

This report defines good practices for security of smart cars, namely connected and (semi-) autonomous vehicles, providing added-value features in order to enhance car users’ experience and improve car safety. Taking stock of all existing…
Private Sector

7 Steps to shore up the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

In this paper ENISA highlights the security vulnerabilities of BGP and explains why it is so important to address them. Working closely with experts from industry ENISA derived a shortlist of 7 basic BGP security measures which are industry good…
Private Sector

Cybersecurity Culture Guidelines: 'Technical Annex: Evidence Reviews'

This technical annex contains the four reviews that supported the writing of the report Review of “Behavioural Sciences Research in the Field of Cybersecurity”. The reviews are: 1. Measurement of cyber security attitudes and behaviours, 2.…
Private Sector

ICT security certification opportunities in the healthcare sector

The scope of this report covers functional requirements for a potential ICT security certification scheme for a widely understood healthcare sector.
Private Sector

Good practices on the implementation of regulatory technical standards

MS approaches on PSD 2 implementation: commonalities in risk management and incident reporting - The main objective of this study is to identify the differences introduced by Member States in the implementation of the PSD2. In particular, the aim is…
Private Sector

Good practices on interdependencies between OES and DSPs

This study is concerned with dependencies and interdependencies among Operators of Essential Services (OES) and Digital Service Providers (DSPs) as defined in the NIS Directive and addresses emerging dependencies and interdependencies across sectors…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector