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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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Cybersecurity of AI and Standardisation

The overall objective of the present document is to provide an overview of standards (existing, being drafted, under consideration and planned) related to the cybersecurity of artificial intelligence (AI), assess their coverage and identify gaps in…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector
fog and edge computing in 5g

Fog and Edge Computing in 5G

This report focuses on the fundamentals of fog and edge, an overview of their security aspects, the open challenges that these sectors face, the related standardisation efforts, the existing opportunities in this field, and different application…
Private Sector

Demand Side of Cyber Insurance in the EU

The report analyses current perspectives and challenges of Operator of Essential Services (OESs) related to the acquirement of cyber insurance services. Information and statistics are presented according to the selection, acquisition and use of…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector
zoning and conduits for railways

Zoning and Conduits for Railways

This document gives guidance on building zones and conduits for a railway system. To do so, first the methodology is described. This approach is based on the recently published CENELEC Technical Specification 50701 (CLC/CLC/TS 50701:2021).

Private Sector
nfv security in 5g challenges and best practices

NFV Security in 5G - Challenges and Best Practices

In this report explores relevant challenges, vulnerabilities and attacks to the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) within the 5G network. NFV changes the network security environment due to resource pools based on cloud computing and open network…
Private Sector

Security and Privacy for public DNS Resolvers

Domain Name System (DNS) resolution is a hierarchical distributed system of protocols and systems, whose main purpose is to map the human friendly domain names, such as www.example.com, to machine readable IP…
Private Sector

Securing Machine Learning Algorithms

Based on a systematic review of relevant literature on machine learning, in this report we provide a taxonomy for machine learning algorithms, highlighting core functionalities and critical stages. The report also presents a detailed analysis of…
Private Sector

CSIRT Capabilities in Healthcare Sector

An attack directed at a critical infrastructure, such as a hospital, can lead to physical damages and put the lives of patients at risk. Therefore, there is a need for solid Incident Response Capabilities (IRC) in the health sector, in particular…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

PSIRT Expertise and Capabilities Development

This study focuses on the Sectoral CSIRT and PSIRT capabilities status and development within the Energy and Health sectors as specified within the NIS directive. A desk research has been conducted, followed by a survey which was answered by 7…
Private Sector

Recommendations for the security of CAM

The aim of this report is to provide a high-level overview of the cybersecurity challenges in the CAM sector and to highlight both the concerned CAM actors and associated recommendations. Cybersecurity in the CAM ecosystem is partially standardised…
Private Sector