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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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On the security, privacy and usability of online seals

This report analyses the conditions under which online security and privacy seals (OSPS) can be deployed to support users to make an informed trust decision about Web services and their providers with respect to the provided security and privacy.…

Trusted e-ID Infrastructures and services in the EU - Recommendations for Trusted Provision of e-Government services

Under the scope of the the proposed new Regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market, which will supersede the current Directive 1999/93/EC on a Community framework for electronic…

Trusted e-ID infrastructures and services in EU

ENISA has conducted a survey about the security mechanisms used by TSPs (Trust Service Providers) in Europe, and their interoperability, under the scope of the proposed new Regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic…

CERT community - Recognition mechanisms and schemes

This document provides an overview of existing mechanisms supporting Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) to deploy capabilities necessary for their operations and their maturity level. It introduces these mechanisms according to the CERT…
enisa threat landscape 2013 overview of current and emerging cyber threats

ENISA Threat Landscape 2013 - Overview of current and emerging cyber-threats

ENISA releases the 2013's ENISA Threat Landscape (ETL 2013). The ENISA Threat Landscape is a collection of top cyber-threats that have been assessed in the reporting period, ie. end 2012-end 2013. ENISA has collected over 250 reports regarding…

Good Practices for an EU ICS Testing Coordination Capability

There is growing interest in ICS security testing in Europe. This has led to the current situation in which several initiatives have emerged. Unfortunately, they are mostly considered immature, with poor or no coordination between them and room for…

Securing personal data in the context of data retention

Data retention legislation has been adopted to address concerns related to national security and serious criminal activity. The legislation provides access to communication data for law enforcement purposes. However, according to the Data Retention…

EISAS Deployment feasibility study

EISAS – European Information Sharing and Alerting – has proven to be a great opportunity to enhance collaboration and foster awareness-raising actions across Europe. ENISA helped design EISAS, but now EISAS has to run by itself. The deployment plan…

Incident Reporting for Cloud Computing

The proposed NIS Directive mentions cloud computing explicitly. This is not surprising. Cloud infrastructures play an increasingly important role in the digital society. A large part of the EU’s Digital Agenda is the European cloud strategy which…

Window of exposure… a real problem for SCADA systems?

Much of Europe’s critical infrastructure which resides in sectors such as energy, transportation,water supply is largely managed and controlled by SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, a subgroup of Industrial Control Systems…

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