This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…
Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…
This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…
Much of Europe’s critical infrastructure which resides in sectors such as energy, transportation,water supply is largely managed and controlled by SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, a subgroup of Industrial Control Systems…
This Good Practice Guide on Cooperative Models for Effective Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) classifies PPPs for security and resilience and reveals the main five components addressing Why, Who, How, What and When questions associated with…
The ENISA Who-is-Who Directory on Network and Information Security (NIS) contains information on NIS stakeholders (such as national and European authorities and NIS organisations), contact details, websites, and areas of responsabilities or…
Improving the interoperability of electronic identification and authentication systems is a European task and a task for all Member States. Considerable efforts have been made in several projects to face the challenges of pan-European…
