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This report analyses the conditions under which online security and privacy seals (OSPS) can be deployed to support users to make an informed trust decision about Web services and their providers with respect to the provided security and privacy.…

The finance sector is a heavily regulated sector, and cybersecurity provisions are already included in multiple EU policies and legislations (e.g. PSD 2 , MIFID II ). EU institutions, agencies, bodies, regulators and other groups of stakeholders run…

The purpose of this briefing is to give an introduction to the possibilities offered by quantum key distribution (QKD), as well as its limitations and the main issues of disagreement between experts in the field. ENISA Briefings are short…

In this study, we give an overview of how SIM-Swapping attacks work, list measures that providers can take to mitigate the attack and make recommendations for policy makers and authorities in the telecom sector and other sectors. Security of…

The aim of this study is to investigate the approaches and measures MS take to protect critical healthcare systems, having as a main goal improved healthcare and patient safety. In that respect this study analyses: - The policy context in Europe and…

This report represents the update of an impact assessment of ENISA’s support to CSIRTs in 2014. This updated assessment serves as a basis for a proposed roadmap to 2020. The impact of the ENISA support to the CSIRT community was assessed from a dual…

This study reviews threats and potential compromises related to the security of SDN/5G networks. More specifically, this report has identified related network assets and the security threats, challenges and risks arising for these assets. Driven by…

The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) organised its first ever cybersecurity policy conference together with the European Commission to discuss the evolution of the EU cybersecurity policy framework.

This report aims to increase the understanding of blockchain technologies. It aims to explain the underlying technical concepts and how they relate to each other. The goal is to explain the components, and illustrate their use by pointing to…

This report aims at providing policy makers with evidence to assess the effectiveness of the existing EU cybersecurity framework specifically through data on how Operators of Essential Services (OES) and Digital Service Providers (DSP) identified in…